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	<title>カーボンニュートラル | 　　　　國生剛治（Takaji Kokusho）Home page　　　　　　　【中央大学名誉教授】</title>
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	<link>https://kokasahi.com/koktak</link>
	<description>Takaji Kokusho (Professor Emeritus, Chuo University, Tokyo, JAPAN)  本ホームページをご利用いただき有難うございます。ここに含まれるコンテンツのご利用に際しては、ご利用者ご本人の責任で行っていただくようお願いします。 Thank you for visiting the Home Page. In utilizing the contents accommodated here, please be aware the ultimate responsibility associated with them should be taken by the user.</description>
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	<title>カーボンニュートラル | 　　　　國生剛治（Takaji Kokusho）Home page　　　　　　　【中央大学名誉教授】</title>
	<link>https://kokasahi.com/koktak</link>
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	<item>
		<title>低緯度太平洋メガソーラー筏模型の試運転（2022年9月26日）</title>
		<link>https://kokasahi.com/koktak/mega-solar-raft-in-low-latitude-pacific-ocean-2152</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[TKokusho]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Sep 2022 00:02:44 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[研究内容]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋帆走メガソーラー発電筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[SDGs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[カーボンニュートラル]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ソーラー発電]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[中央大学名誉教授]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[國生剛治]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太陽光パネル]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太陽光発電]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[自然エネルギー]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kokasahi.com/koktak/?p=2152</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[東京湾の葛西臨海公園でメガソーラー筏模型の試運転をやってみました。実物サイズでは直径25mのポリエチレン製フロートを1/60に縮尺した直径40cmのモデル（サブユニット）を4個連結しています。4本の支柱で支持された海面か [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>東京湾の葛西臨海公園でメガソーラー筏模型の試運転をやってみました。実物サイズでは直径25mのポリエチレン製フロートを1/60に縮尺した直径40cmのモデル（サブユニット）を4個連結しています。4本の支柱で支持された海面から5m高さのグリッド上に薄膜・撓み性の12m四方のソーラーモジュール（太陽電池パネル）を4枚敷設します。フロートは波の動きに追従して滑らかに変形する様子が見られます。また、波の動きで生じるポリエチレン製フロートの変形が太陽電池パネルに直接伝わらないように支柱とグリッドの間は固定せず相互に変形できるように工夫しています。究極の目標である１GW原子力発電所並みのメガソーラー筏はこのサブユニットを16個組み合わせた100m四方のユニットをさらに2500個、合計で40,000個連結したものになります。巨大なメガソーラー筏の移動のためには今回のサブユニットに加え、セールとラダーを有する専用の帆走駆動用フロートを１ユニット中に1~2個/16個組み合わせ、長期気象予測に基づきIoTによるセール・ラダーを制御することによりメガソーラー筏が一体として省エネ帆走することを考えています。</p>
<p>動画はこちら↓<br />
<a rel="follow" target="_blank" href="https://kokasahi.com/koktak/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/DSC_0003-1_AdobeExpress.mp4">PDFファイルはこちら</a></p>
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		<enclosure url="https://kokasahi.com/koktak/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/DSC_0003-1_AdobeExpress.mp4" length="72055681" type="video/mp4" />

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		<item>
		<title>Case Report</title>
		<link>https://kokasahi.com/koktak/case-report-2-2148</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[TKokusho]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 24 Sep 2022 14:03:14 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[研究内容]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋帆走メガソーラー発電筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[SDGs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[カーボンニュートラル]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ソーラー発電]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[國生剛治]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太陽光発電]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[自然エネルギー]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kokasahi.com/koktak/?p=2148</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Realize 100% Renewable Energy by Sailing Mega-Solar Rafts in Low-Latitude Pacific Ocean]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a rel="follow" target="_blank" href="https://kokasahi.com/koktak/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/EST1529-v3i2-p271-278.pdf">Realize 100% Renewable Energy by Sailing Mega-Solar Rafts in Low-Latitude Pacific Ocean</a></p>
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		<item>
		<title>最新ニュース（the-latest-news）</title>
		<link>https://kokasahi.com/koktak/post-2140-2140</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[TKokusho]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 24 Sep 2022 13:31:02 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[研究内容]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋帆走メガソーラー発電筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[SDGs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[カーボンニュートラル]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ソーラー発電]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[國生剛治]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太陽光パネル]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太陽光発電]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[模型]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[自然エネルギー]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kokasahi.com/koktak/?p=2140</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[最新ニュース：「2022年9月1日メガソーラ筏模型1号機が進水しました」 以前より提案中のメガソーラー筏構想のフォローアップとして、この度ソーラー筏模型を試作しました。 30mm径のポリエチレン（PE）減圧補強ホースを丸 [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>最新ニュース：「2022年9月1日メガソーラ筏模型1号機が進水しました」</p>
<p>以前より提案中のメガソーラー筏構想のフォローアップとして、この度ソーラー筏模型を試作しました。<br />
30mm径のポリエチレン（PE）減圧補強ホースを丸めたφ40cmの円形をサブユニットとし、取り敢えず４個組み合わせた模型としてます。<br />
以前の論文で提案したサブユニットのサイズは25m程度なので縮尺は1/60程度となります。風力・海流による航海のための帆や舵などはそれ専用のサブユニットを100m×100mのユニットに1～2個/16個の割合で連結することと考えています。<br />
PEは適切な接着剤がないため強力な接着テープも多用して、試行錯誤・苦労を重ね、当初予定より大変な時間（3週間）と費用（1.5万円ほど）がかかりました。上版は安上がりのダイソーで買った金網で代用し8cmの支柱（実物高さ5m程度）で支えていますが、日の丸でも貼り付けたいとは思っています。ソーラーパネルやLEDを取り付けることも考え秋葉原にも行きましたが、意外と商品は少なく、バッテリー（電圧12V、重さ1kg)も必要で浮力の点から載せることは不可能と分かりました。計算では浮くことは確認していましたが、本日、近所の児童公園プールで4個連結で浮かしてみました。子供たちが珍しがって質問攻めにあいました。結束バンドで緩く結ばれた4基が、滝が落ちる傍では波に追従して位相差を伴って滑らかに揺れるのが見られ、大変楽しめました。<br />
これからは、大型化を図った筏に小型ソーラーパネルは勿論、加速度計や荷重計などの小型センサー類を載せて海面に浮かべ、主要なデータの測定を行いたいと考えています。<br />
まずは近況ご報告まで。</p>
<p>写真↓<br />
<a rel="follow" target="_blank" href="https://kokasahi.com/koktak/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/模型浮体写真2.pdf">PDFファイルはこちら</a></p>
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		<title>原子力災害を自然エネルギー本格利用の出発点にー太平洋ソーラーセル帆走筏プロジェクトの提案ー</title>
		<link>https://kokasahi.com/koktak/epce1-1657</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[TKokusho]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Nov 2021 05:48:15 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[研究内容]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋帆走メガソーラー発電筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[SDGs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[カーボンニュートラル]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ソーラー発電]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[低緯度太平洋メガソーラー発電筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[國生剛治]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太陽光発電]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[自然エネルギー]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kokasahi.com/koktak/?p=1657</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[原子力災害を自然エネルギー本格利用の出発点に－太平洋ソーラセル帆走筏プロジェクトの提案－]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a rel="follow" target="_blank" href="https://kokasahi.com/koktak/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/EPCE1.pdf">原子力災害を自然エネルギー本格利用の出発点に－太平洋ソーラセル帆走筏プロジェクトの提案－</a></p>
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		<item>
		<title>報告書本冊</title>
		<link>https://kokasahi.com/koktak/houkokusyohonsatu-1544</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[TKokusho]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 15 Nov 2021 04:31:20 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[研究内容]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋帆走メガソーラー発電筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[SDGs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[カーボンニュートラル]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ソーラー発電]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[中央大学名誉教授]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[国生剛治]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[報告書本冊]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋で再エネ]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋低緯度帯]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太陽光発電]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[自然エネルギー]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kokasahi.com/koktak/?p=1544</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[低緯度太平洋ソーラセル帆走筏発電システムの成立性」2014年度報告書]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a rel="follow" target="_blank" href="https://kokasahi.com/koktak/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/報告書本冊.pdf">低緯度太平洋ソーラセル帆走筏発電システムの成立性」2014年度報告書</a></p>
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		<title>Energy Engineering Paper</title>
		<link>https://kokasahi.com/koktak/energy-engineering-paper-1251</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[TKokusho]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 07 Nov 2021 21:48:42 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[研究内容]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋帆走メガソーラー発電筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[SDGs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[カーボンニュートラル]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ソーラー発電]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[中央大学名誉教授]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[國生剛治]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太陽光発電]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[自然エネルギー]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kokasahi.com/koktak/?p=1251</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[＜Sailing Solar-Cell Raft Project and Weather/Marine Conditions in Low-Latitude Pacific Ocean＞]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a rel="follow" target="_blank" href="https://kokasahi.com/koktak/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Energy-Engineering-Paper.pdf">＜Sailing Solar-Cell Raft Project and Weather/Marine Conditions in Low-Latitude Pacific Ocean＞</a></p>
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		<item>
		<title>太エネ236-技術論文掲載版</title>
		<link>https://kokasahi.com/koktak/taiyoenerugi236-1248</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[TKokusho]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 07 Nov 2021 21:46:18 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[研究内容]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋帆走メガソーラー発電筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[SDGs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[カーボンニュートラル]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ソーラー発電]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[中央大学名誉教授]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[低緯度太平洋メガソーラー発電筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[國生剛治]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太陽光発電]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[技術論文]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[自然エネルギー]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kokasahi.com/koktak/?p=1248</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Feasibility of Mega Solar Raft in low-Latitude Pacificcean 低緯度太平洋メガソーラー発電筏の概略成立性]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a rel="follow" target="_blank" href="https://kokasahi.com/koktak/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/太エネ236-技術論文掲載版.pdf">Feasibility of Mega Solar Raft in low-Latitude Pacificcean  低緯度太平洋メガソーラー発電筏の概略成立性 </a></p>
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		<item>
		<title>太エネ207-研究論文掲載版</title>
		<link>https://kokasahi.com/koktak/taiyoenerugi207-1246</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[TKokusho]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 07 Nov 2021 21:09:55 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[研究内容]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋帆走メガソーラー発電筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[SDGs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[カーボンニュートラル]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ソーラーセル帆走筏構想]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ソーラー発電]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[中央大学名誉教授]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[國生剛治]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋低緯度帯]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太陽光発電]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[研究論文]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[自然エネルギー]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://kokasahi.com/koktak/?p=1246</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[ソーラセル帆走筏構想と太平洋低緯度帯の気象・海象条件　Sailing Solar-Cell Raft Project and Weather/Marine Conditions in Low-Latitude Pacif [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a rel="follow" target="_blank" href="https://kokasahi.com/koktak/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/太エネ207-研究論文掲載版.pdf">ソーラセル帆走筏構想と太平洋低緯度帯の気象・海象条件　Sailing Solar-Cell Raft Project and Weather/Marine Conditions in Low-Latitude Pacific Ocean</a></p>
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		<title>Realize 100% Renewable Energy in Low-Latitude Pacific Ocean</title>
		<link>https://kokasahi.com/koktak/realize-100-renewable-energy-in-low-latitude-pacific-ocean-282</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[TKokusho]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 28 Mar 2021 02:24:20 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[研究内容]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋帆走メガソーラー発電筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Low-Latitude Pacific Ocean]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Realize 100% Renewable Energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[SDGs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[カーボンニュートラル]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ソーラー発電]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[中央大学名誉教授]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[國生剛治]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太陽光発電]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[自然エネルギー]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://kokasahi.xsrv.jp/liq/?p=282</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Takaji KOKUSHO Professor Emeritus, Chuo University Tokyo, Japan Mega Solar-Module Raft Project in Low-Latitude [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="has-text-align-center has-larger-font-size"><strong>Takaji KOKUSHO</strong> </p>



<p class="has-text-align-center">Professor Emeritus, Chuo University Tokyo, Japan</p>



<p class="has-accent-color has-text-color" style="font-size:40px"><strong>Mega Solar-Module Raft Project in Low-Latitude Pacific Ocean &amp; and Its Possibility</strong> </p>



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<p>The Japanese Government has bravely declared recently to fulfil carbon-neutralization of the country by 2050. However, a realistic scenario toward that goal has not yet been visualized. With its narrow land areas inhabited by more than a hundred of million people, it is absolutely impossible for Japan to realize this target simply by land-based natural energies such as hydraulic, geothermal, solar and wind, even with the aid of continuous operations of controversial nuclear power.</p>
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<p>The most plausible strategy to meet the goal the government seems to aim is offshore wind power similar to other nations in the world. Off-shore wind power has been developed in nations in northern Europe like Denmark, UK and Germany in these decades. They are all fixed-bottom types with&nbsp;their foundations constructed directly on sea-floor, wherein water depth should be less than 50 m at the deepest. Unfortunately, coastal seas in most part of Japan islands tend to increase water depth in short distance from the shore, limiting the potential capacity of the fixed-bottom type.&nbsp; </p>



<p>Hence, the floating type which can be sited in seas 200 m deep or more seemingly are considered to be promising,&nbsp;wherein the wind turbine is fixed on&nbsp;the float moored and anchored to deep sea-floor. UK is proud of this&nbsp;offshore technology as a front-runner in R &amp; D making the most of the experience in the North Sea oil/gas project and planning to&nbsp;demonstrate the technology mature in a few years through test-site operations. The Japanese government appears to look forward largely to the floating type wind power as promising renewable energy because large sea areas may be able to be available as favorable sites. </p>



<p>However, the practical use of the floating wind power has not yet been started even in European front-runner countries. In Asian countries like Japan where natural environments are more hostile with severe typhoon, high seismicity and tsunami, considerable technical problems will have to be solved before the power system can serve as a major player. A couple of test sites have already been chosen and experimental floating wind power projects are tested for several years in Japan, though their clear technical&nbsp;perspective has not yet been recognized publicly. Furthermore, fishing industries in Japan have historically had strong voices in using oceans all along the coasts, that may impose another constraint on the off-shore wind power. </p>



<p>Thus, it seems too optimistic to believe that we can depend exclusively on off-shore wind power to supply huge volume of renewable energy demand in Japan to realize the carbon-neutral. Instead, possibilities of other renewable energies conceivable in our own environment have to be explored by utilizing technological development in near future. </p>



<p>In this respect, our research group have been proposing an innovative project for more than a decade (before the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011) that&nbsp;could be another possibility of huge renewable energy.</p>



<p>Huge sunshine energy affluent in low-latitude Pacific Ocean may be captured with reasonable economy by mega-solar module rafts sailing slowly. It is no doubt the right of any countries authenticated by the International Maritime Law to make a sail in international open seas for commercial purposes, wherein renewable sunshine energy is exploited on purpose. Hence, it is considered sufficiently possible to share a consensus in international forums such as IMO (International Maritime Agency) how to develop such an innovative usage of open seas as gigantic solar power generation for growing sustainable world economies by paying enough attention to minimum impact on other activities there. Fortunately, the low-latitude Pacific&nbsp;Ocean are remote from major commercial sea traffics in the high latitudes.</p>



<p>If a giant mega-solar raft as 5 km square is considered for example, the electric energy generated only during daylight hours can be equivalent to 1 GW nuclear power stations of availability 100%, by assuming daily sunshine energy per area 8 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>, the energy conversion rate 12 % (of silicone solar&nbsp;module commercially available today). In the most part of low-latitude Pacific Ocean, the annual average of daily sunshine energy exceeds 6.0 kWh/m<sup>2</sup> among that the highest can reach 6.5～7.0 kWh/m<sup>2</sup> between the equator and 15° south in a sea&nbsp;expanding as vast as the Australian continent. Hence, it seems possible for the movable raft to pursue optimal sunshine depending on seasons attaining 8.0 kWh/m<sup>2</sup> (more than twice the average in the Japan island) by making an energy-saving slow wind sailing.</p>



<p>As for the wind condition there, it is found to be very favorable in terms of annually averaged wind speed of 3～7 m/s considerably milder than in high-latitude oceans and&nbsp;fixed wind directions. If wind power operational even during nighttime is integrated with solar module, the system may further boost its power generation. The waves are never rough, 1~2 m high on average in low-latitude Pacific, unlike middle/high latitude in all seasons, though the solar module raft will be designed operational in much higher waves so long as the sunshine is available on the raft for power generation.</p>



<p>As the greatest risk to this energy system, tropical depressions or storms named Typhoon in Japan cannot be ignored. However, it should be recognized first of all that there are two wide areas&nbsp;in low-latitude Pacific literally free from the risk. One is overlapping with the area of the highest sunshine energy mentioned above (due to exceptionally low temperature of sea water originated from Antarctica. Another is ±5° along the equator where tropical depressions cannot be born theoretically because of the Colioris effect. In other areas, the risk tends to increase,&nbsp;though not so severely as in the middle-latitude, necessitating in-advance evacuations. It may well be expected that rapidly advancing meteorological knowledge/technology will enable reliable predictions of tropical depressions in a month ahead in near future. As for one more natural disaster, tsunami, the effect may not be critical to this energy system as long as it stays remotely from shallow coastal areas.</p>



<p>In our scenario to realize this system contributing to the carbon-neutral initiative by 2050, three major technologies have to become practically mature in 30 years as follows;</p>



<p>1) The huge electric energy generated by the solar module is transformed into hydrogen gas by alkaline water electrolysis and further into MCH (Methylcyclohexane) by reacting with Toluene sequentially in real time, and MCH is transported by oil tankers (VLCC) shuffled once in two weeks between the raft and Japan. </p>



<p>2) Solar module (CIGS-type) seems to be promising for this project, thin (2 micron) with conversion efficiency of more than 12% and should be integrated with flexible sail clothes. Energy collection system from numerous numbers of module all over the raft should be as simplified and durable as possible. </p>



<p>3) The giant raft consisting of 2500 units of 100 m square, each of them further comprising 16 subunits of 25 m square on which 4 solar modules are set. All of them are connected by universal joints so as to deflect freely following wave motions. The raft are designed to be able to sail basically by wind and sea-current.</p>



<p>Though the hurdles to&nbsp;realize these widely diversed technologies&nbsp;seem to be&nbsp;too high to overcome, their technnical bases are already present actually. What is needed in the next 30 years is to practicalize the individual technical elements by scaling up capacity, modifying for higher efficiency, better performance and cost-minimizing, and then integrate them all together.</p>



<p>The economic feasibility has roughly been estimated on the 25 km<sup>2</sup> mega-solar raft by extrapolating current state of the arts. It indicates that subsidizing price of hydrogen by 50% will make it viable.&nbsp;However, more cost-cutting efforts are further required to be commercially feasible for market-competitive hydrogen price. It is particularly needed for the giant raft to employ truly innovative design concepts for drastic cost reduction. Essential chemical plants for electrolysis and hydrogenation also very costly have to be drastically economized by incorporating advanced technology, scaling-up&nbsp;and mass production effects.</p>



<p>Though further steps are still needed to reach to the gigantic 1 GW system, it seems possible to realize a smaller capacity mega-solar module raft to practically operate in low-latitude Pacific by 2050 because the basic technologies are already in our hands. Also note that such an innovative green energy initiative where international multidisciplinary cooperation of science &amp; technology is&nbsp;critical will surely lead to creation of next-generation disciplines in science &amp; technology, markets in commerce and job opportunities&nbsp;not only in Japan but all over the world. That&nbsp;will make an epoch bringing all human beings on earth to a&nbsp;new horizon to live a truly sustainable life.</p>



<p>One may wonder if such a green-energy initiative in the low-latitude Pacific Ocean may coexist with the current circumstances of US-China power struggle conducted right there. Because of that, however, it is really&nbsp;meaningful&nbsp;from a quite different perspective of world peace to start this initiative in cooperation firstly with Pacific Island countries as well as with many other interested countries.</p>



<p>Time surely comes when developing countries will have sufficiently developed to demand as much energy as already developed countries. Then, abundant sunshine energy in low-latitude Pacific Ocean will be targeted by many countries as indispensable natural energy resource. To prepare for that time, Japan is a right country in a right position to take the first step to this endeavor in cooperation with many other countries including Pacific Island nations.</p>



<p>Thus, besides offshore wind power, Japan may possibly be able to have another option of huge renewable energy. Why do not we expand our sight and investigate the possibility to make use of abundant sunshine energy in the Pacific Ocean that nobody has ever tried to do.</p>



<p>References： Kokusho, T., Emoto E. and Kato, T. (2012): Sailing Solar-Cell Raft Project and Weather/Marine Conditions in Low-Latitude Pacific Ocean, Journal of JSES, Japan Sunshine Energy Society, 38 (1), 49-57 (in Japanese). Kokusho, T., Emoto E. and Kato, T. (2013): Sailing solar-cell raft project and weather and marine conditions in low-latitude Pacific Ocean, Journal of Energy Engineering, ASCE, 139 (1), 2-7. Kokusho, T. (2016): Feasibility of Mega Solar Raft in Low-Latitude Pacific Ocean, 42 (6), Journal of JSES, Japan Sunshine Energy Society, 42 (6), 49-57 (in Japanese).</p>



<p>The following is a PPT presentation material associated with a lecture delivered in Energy Committee of Japan Society for Civil Engineers in January 2020, where a more detailed information on this energy project is available as translated into English.</p>



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		<title>太平洋ソーラーセル帆走筏プロジェクトの提案</title>
		<link>https://kokasahi.com/koktak/pacificoceannaturalenergyjapanese-148</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[TKokusho]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 16 Jan 2021 11:54:10 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[研究内容]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋帆走メガソーラー発電筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[SDGs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[カーボンニュートラル]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[中央大学名誉教授]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[低緯度太平洋メガソーラー帆走筏構想とその成立性]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[再生可能エネルギー]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[國生剛治]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋で再エネ]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太平洋で再エネ100％を目指す]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[太陽光発電]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[筏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[自然エネルギー]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://kokasahi.xsrv.jp/liq/?p=148</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[中央大学名誉教授 　國生剛治 太平洋で我が国の再生可能エネルギー100％実現を!!! ー低緯度太平洋メガソーラー帆走筏構想とその成立性ー 2050年までに我が国のカーボンニュートラルを目指すとの大きな目標を掲げた我が国で [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="has-text-align-center has-accent-color has-text-color" style="font-size:40px"><strong>中央大学名誉教授 　國生剛治</strong></p>



<p class="has-text-align-center has-larger-font-size"><strong>太平洋で我が国の再生可能エネルギー100％実現を</strong>!!!</p>



<p class="has-text-align-center has-larger-font-size"><strong>ー低緯度太平洋メガソーラー帆走筏構想とその成立性ー</strong></p>



<p>2050年までに我が国のカーボンニュートラルを目指すとの大きな目標を掲げた我が国ですが、それを実現するための具体的手段については明瞭に示されていません。従来の火力発電のCO2貯蔵技術併用による継続使用や、議論の多い原子力発電の再稼働を前提とし、国内での太陽光・風力など陸上の自然エネルギ－を可能な限り開発できたとした場合でも、この目標に到達することはおぼつきません。</p>



<p>そこで注目されているのが国土沿岸での洋上風力に大幅に依存するシナリオです。すでにデンマーク・英国など北欧諸国では海底に基礎を固定する着床式風力発電所を多数実用化していますが、その水深は50m程度が限度となっているため、遠浅海岸の少ない我が国では立地点が限られます。そこで、深い水深でも立地可能な浮体式風力発電が注目を浴びています。この方式では基礎は固定せず、海底にワイヤーなどで係留された浮体の上に風車発電機が取り付けられ、200mを超える水深でも可能とされています。英国が北海の海底資源開発で獲得したノウハウを応用して技術開発の先頭を走っており、近々実用化段階に入るとされています。日本はじめ台湾やアジア諸国への技術売り込みも計画しているようです。実際、日本政府はこの浮体式風力発電であれば広い立地点が選択できるとしてカーボンニュートラル実現の切り札と考えていることがNEDOの調査報告書などから推定されます。</p>



<p>ただしその技術的・経済的成立性については先行している欧州でさえ未だ実証されておらず，ましてや台風・津波など自然環境が厳しく風況も北欧とは異なる我が国沿岸への適用可能性については解決すべき課題は山積みと思われます。現在NEDOの浮体式風力のプロジェクトが沿岸数か所で進行中ですが、現時点で明らかな技術的見通しは未だ公表されておらず楽観を許しません。さらに我が国では伝統的に沿岸域での漁業権が尊重されてきた社会的背景があり、計画実施に当たってはその調整が大きな制約条件となる可能性があります。</p>



<p>このように考えると、日本の将来の基幹エネルギーとして膨大な必要量の自然エネルギー開発を浮体式洋上風力だけに絞るのではなく、他のエネルギーについても可能性を追及し開発していくことが我が国のエネルギーセキュリティー上の課題であります。これに関し、太平洋に面した我が国の特性を生かし、我々は10数年前（福島原子力事故の前）から自然エネルギーを基幹エネルギーとして大規模利用するための開発構想を独自に提案してきました。</p>



<p>それは太平洋低緯度公海上で大規模なメガソーラー筏船団が移動しながら，従来とは桁違いの規模で太陽光エネルギーの利用を図るものです。近年の太陽光発電やエネルギー輸送技術の急速な発展により、従来は夢物語と思われてきたメガソーラー筏によるこのエネルギーシステムが現実味を帯びてきました。公海上を商業活動を目的として航行することは当然認められるべき権利ですから，航行しながら発電することも基本的に自由であると主張する根拠は国際法上十分あります。地球環境を守るための人類のエネルギー利用形態のパラダイムシフトに資するこのような新たな海洋利用については十分国際的理解が得られる余地があり、国際海事機構（IMO）のような国際的場において従来の公海利用形態との調整を図りながら合意形成を図ることは可能と考えられます。　</p>



<p>メガソーラー筏の究極的には25km<sup>2</sup>（5km×5km）の大面積化を目指した場合，1日で得られる単位面積当たりの太陽エネルギーを8 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>，ソーラーモジュールの電気変換効率を12%（現時点の家庭用太陽電池の値）で試算すると、昼間の日照時間しか発電しないにもかかわらず24時間連続稼働する100万kW級の原子力発電所に匹敵します。南北太平洋の低緯度海域で，メガソーラー筏や母船などからなる船団が長期気象予報技術を活用して晴天域を低速帆走しつつ，太陽光発電をします。太平洋低緯度海域には1日あたりの日射量が年平均6.0 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/day以上の海域は帯状に広く拡がり，赤道から南緯15°には6.5～7.0 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/dayに達するオーストラリア大陸やサハラ砂漠を凌ぐ広大な海域が存在します。これらの低緯度海域を筏船団が可動性を生かし季節変動を考慮しながら回遊することで， 8.0 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/day(国内平均の2倍以上）の日射エネルギーを得ることは十分可能です。また低緯度海域は高緯度海域より全般に風が弱く波も穏やかで，年平均風速は 3～7 m/sで風向も安定しています。</p>



<p>一方、熱帯低気圧（台風・ハリケーン・サイクロン）はこの構想の成立性に深刻な影響がありますが，実はその危険性がほぼゼロで（海水温が低いため）太陽エネルギーも最強の理想的なしかもサハラ砂漠より広い海域が南半球にあります。それ以外の海域については熱帯低気圧の危険度は我が国近海ほどには高くはないもののゼロではないため退避行動が不可欠ですが，1ヶ月程度先の熱帯低気圧に特化した予報技術を発展させることで熱帯低気圧を回避した筏船団の航行が可能と思われます。 また津波については沖合深海域での影響はほぼ無視できます。</p>



<p>2050年までにこのメガソーラー筏発電構想を実現させるための主要な技術課題は以下の3点です。①まず送電ケーブルに依らない発電エネルギーの輸送として発電エネルギーを水の電気分解により水素に変換しそれを高圧ガス・液化・MCH（メチルシクロヘキサン）化・アンモニア化などのいずれかの方法でタンカー輸送する技術、または大量のＥＶ（電気自動車）用バッテリーにより電気エネルギーのまま変換ロス最小化で輸送する技術。②筏を覆う帆布と一体化された薄膜・撓み性で変換効率12%が期待されるCIGS系などのソーラーモジュールの開発。③筏本体については例えば総面積25km<sup>2</sup>の場合、25m四方のサブユニットを16個連結した100m四方の筏ユニット2500個をユニバーサルジョイントで簡便に現場接続できる構造の開発と、風力と海流による省エネ帆走技術。これら3技術は極めてハードルが高いように見えますが、実はその基本的要素技術はすでに存在しており、それらを組み合わせて大規模化、低コスト化により実用化していくことが鍵となります。</p>



<p>このようにメガソーラー筏を低緯度太平洋に浮かべて，日射エネルギーの高い公海上を帆走し太陽光発電を行うことにより自然エネルギーを大量供給するシステムの経済的成立性について概略評価しました。その結果、補助金政策によれば成立性はあるが，市場価格を達成するにはコストに占める割合の大きい筏製作にコストダウン努力が必要であり，またこれも大きなコストを占めるアルカリ水電気分解装置や水素化・脱水素化装置について，さらなる技術革新・量産化・大型化などによるコストダウンが必要となることが分かりました。</p>



<p>このようにハードルは低くはないですが，低緯度太平洋でのメガソーラー筏発電システムについては関連個別技術の近年の急速な発展のおかげで必要な基本技術は既に我々の手の届くところになります。これらを組み合わせることにより、原子力発電所並みの大規模化には更なる規模拡大段階は必要にしても、30年ほどの技術開発期間で基本的システムの実用化が可能と考えられます。さらに広範な科学技術の結集が前提となるこのような技術開発は国内産業全体に及ぼす波及的効果も極めて大きく、21世紀の後半に向けて我が国の産業構造や科学技術の裾野を広げる役割が期待できます。</p>



<p>&nbsp;なお、太平洋は米中の覇権争いの場となっており、軍事的緊張にある環境下でこんな海洋利用構想はそぐわないとの意見もあると思います。しかしそんな国際情勢だからこそ，我が国が全く別の次元に立ち地球規模での自然エネルギー利用を太平洋島嶼国はじめ広く各国に呼びかけ主導することで、国際平和への極めて大きな貢献につながるのではないでしょうか。</p>



<p>我が国の基幹エネルギーの再エネ化100%を実現するための残された選択肢として、浮体式沿岸風力だけに過大の期待をかけるのではなく、太平洋公海域での自然エネルギー利用の可能性にも視野を広げ、その基本的調査とR&amp;D計画に直ちに取り掛かることを提案したいと思います。</p>



<p></p>



<p>参考文献：</p>



<p>國生剛治　(2016)：低緯度太平洋メガソーラー発電筏の概略成立性，太陽エネルギー　日本太陽エネルギー学会　Vol.42，No.6，61-67．</p>



<p>中央大学理工学研究所プロジェクト研究2014年度報告書(2014)：「低緯度太平洋ソーラーセル帆走筏発電 システムの成立性」、低緯度太平洋ソーラーセル帆走筏発電システムの成立性研究会　http://www.civil.chuo-u.ac.jp/lab/doshitu/top/houkokusyo%20honsastu.pdf</p>



<p></p>



<p>以下には上記の構想について多少詳しい内容をお示しするために、2020年1月に土木学会エネルギー委員会主催講演会で行った講演をベースとしたパワーポイントを掲載します。</p>


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